High speed lateral heterojunction MISFETs realized by 2-dimensional bandgap engineering and methods thereof

ABSTRACT

A method for forming and the structure of a strained lateral channel of a field effect transistor, a field effect transistor and CMOS circuitry is described incorporating a drain, body and source region on a single crystal semiconductor substrate wherein a hetero-junction is formed between the source and body of the transistor, wherein the source region and channel are independently lattice strained with respect the body region. The invention reduces the problem of leakage current from the source region via the hetero junction and lattice strain while independently permitting lattice strain in the channel region for increased mobility via choice of the semiconductor materials and alloy composition.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/158,726 filed Jun. 22, 2005, which is related to U.S. Pat. No. 6,927,414 issued Aug. 9, 2005, entitled “HIGH SPEED LATERAL HETEROJUNCTION MISFETS REALIZED BY 2-DIMENSIONAL BANDGAP ENGINEERING AND METHODS THEREOF”. The entire contents of the aforementioned U.S. Patent Applications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to semiconductor transistors and, more particularly, to a metal insulator semiconductor field effect transistor (MISFET) consisting of a conducting channel which has no hetero-barrier in the current flow direction and a heterojunction between the source/drain and body (bulk) of the transistor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Silicon MOSFET scaling has become a major challenge in the semiconductor industry. Traditional techniques start to fail in reducing certain undesirable physical effects as device dimensions shrink down to the nanometer regime. For example, anti-punchthrough (APT) or halo implantation is used to reduce the short-channel effects (SCE). However, the abrupt doping profiles are difficult to achieve due to temperature enhanced diffusion, and these highly doped channels or pocket implant regions increase junction capacitance and band-to-band tunneling. It has been shown by S. Thompson, et al., in “MOS scaling: transistor challenges for the 21st century,” Intel Technology Journal, Q3, 1998, that channel engineering can only decrease the circuit gate delay by ˜10% for a given technology, and it cannot provide channel length scaling for generation after generation that gate oxide and source/drain (S/D) junction depth scaling has provided.

With bandgap engineering, an important degree of freedom can be provided in the device design. The growth of high-quality tensile strained Si/SiGe and compressively strained SiGe/Si heterostructures by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), various types of chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and/or ion implantation allows incorporation of bandgap engineering concepts into a mature silicon technology.

Bandgap engineering has been utilized to realize various types of heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs). The most widely studied is the modulation doped field effect transistors (MODFETs), in which a quantum well is used to confine the carriers in a lightly doped semiconductor (See K. Ismail, “Si/SiGe High-Speed Field-Effect Transistors”, IEDM, Tech. Dig., p. 509-512, 1995). Higher carrier mobility can be achieved due to reduced impurity scattering, reduced surface roughness scattering in the buried channel, and strained-induced mobility enhancement, if any, depending on the hetero material system employed. Derived from the same concept, various types of heterostructure CMOS devices have also been proposed and studied (See M. A. Armstong, et al., “Design of Si/SiGe Heterojunction Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Transistors”, IEDM Tech. Dig., p. 761-764, 1995; S. Imai et al., “Si—SiGe Semiconductor Device and Method of Fabricating the Same”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,419; and M. Kubo, et al., “Method of Forming HCMOS Devices with a Silicon-Germanium-Carbon compound Semiconductor Layer”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,975, Feb. 20, 2001.) The advantage of these devices is the higher carrier mobility and hence high drive current and high speed. However, two prominent problems remain in these planar devices: device scaling and control of short-channel effects.

As for short-channel effects, other than ultra-steep retrograded channel profiles and ultra-shallow source/drain junctions, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) has been used to control short-channel effects. However, SOI alone cannot remove the short-channel effects completely, and moreover, an inherent problem with SOI is the floating body effect. Another way to reduce the short-channel effect is to have a built-in energy barrier at the source/body junction, and in particular a barrier where the barrier height does pot depend on the applied bias. The band offset provided by a heterojunction is very suitable in this case. A heterojunction MOSFET (HJMOSFET) was been proposed and studied by S. Hareland, et al., in “New structural approach for reducing punchthrough current in deep submicrometer MOSFETs and extending MOSFET scaling,” IEEE Electronics Letters, vol. 29, no. 21, pp. 1894-1896, October 1993, and by X. D. Chen, et al., in “Vertical P-MOSFETS with heterojunction between source/drain and channel,” Device Research Conference, Denver, June 2000.

Recently, a lateral, high mobility, p-channel heterojunction transistor (HMHJT) has been proposed by Q. Ouyang, et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,799. A detailed simulation study has been performed by Q. Ouyang, et al., in “A Novel Si/SiGe Heterojunction pMOSFET with Reduced Short-Channel Effects and Enhanced Drive Current,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 47 (10), 2000. In order to achieve complementary MISFETs using such a pMISFET, a comparable high performance nMISFET is needed. In the present invention, a lateral, high performance, heterojunction nMISFET is proposed and two embodiments are illustrated. Two embodiments for the complementary MOSFET are presented. The methods thereof are also described.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,088 describes a “High Electron Mobility Transistor”. This device has a pair of semiconductor layers for source/drain electrodes consisting of a poly SiGe layer and a poly Si layer so as to form a partially projected “overhanging-shape” over the active area. In this case, the source/drain and the gate are self-aligned. However, it is a planar structure and still suffers from the short-channel effects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The objective of this invention is to provide a device structure that has superb performance and scalability. By using 2-dimensional bandgap engineering, the tradeoffs in the conventional Si technology can be avoided, and the drive current and leakage current can be optimized independently. Consequently, very high drive current and excellent turn-off characteristics can be achieved simultaneously. Moreover, the suppression of short-channel effects in such a device further allows continuous and more aggressive scaling of the MOSFET technology.

This invention describes a lateral p-channel and complementary MISFET structure having these advantages with various embodiments. Another aspect of this invention is the process integration scheme for such devices. The devices described in this invention have at least a hetero-barrier between the source and the body of the transistor, however, there is no hetero-barrier in the channel along the current flow direction. Drain induced barrier lowering is substantially reduced due to the hetero-barrier at the source junction, hence, the substhreshold swing and off-state leakage are reduced. Meanwhile, the drive current is pot limited by quantum mechanical tunneling since there is no hetero-barrier in the channel. Therefore, with these devices, very high on/off ratio can be achieved. Such devices are superb in high speed, low leakage and low power applications, such as DRAM, laptop computers, and wireless communications.

Any hetero-material system with the proper band offset may be used to realize the device concept such as silicon-based or III-V material systems. Since silicon technology is the most mature, silicon based materials are the most economically feasible and attractive. There are two types of Si-based heterostructures which have the suitable band offset for electrons in nMISFETs. One is tensile strained Si or SiGe on relaxed SiGe buffer layers, and the other is tensile strained Si_(1-x-y)Ge_(x)C_(y) on Si. On the other hand, in order to form complementary MISFETs, compressively strained SiGe or SiGeC on silicon can be used for pMISFETs, because it has the suitable band offset for holes. With each material system, the channel could be a surface channel or a buried quantum well channel, and the device can be built on various substrates such as bulk silicon, silicon-on-insulator, SiGe-on-insulator or silicon-on-sapphire substrate.

In the present invention, three embodiments for a lateral p-channel transistor are illustrated. Then two embodiments for a lateral CMOS are further described. The fabrication methods are also described.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

These and other features, objects, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention when read in conjunction with the drawing in which:

FIG. 1 is an energy band diagram of compressively strained SiGe or SiGe(C) on cubic Si.

FIG. 2 is an energy band diagram of tensile strained SiC on cubic Si.

FIG. 3 is an energy band diagram of tensile strained Si on relaxed SiGe buffer.

FIG. 4 is a cross sectional schematic of a lateral tensile strained Si surface channel nMOSFET according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a cross sectional schematic of a lateral surface channel pMOSFET having tensile strained SiC in the source/drain regions according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a cross sectional schematic of a lateral CMOS with tensile strained SiC source/drain for the pMOSFET and compressively strained Si_(1-x-y)Ge_(x)C_(y) source/drain for pMOSFET.

FIG. 7 is a cross sectional schematic of a lateral CMOS with tensile strained Si_(1-y)C_(y) source/drain for the pMOSFET and compressively strained Si_(1-x-y)Ge_(x)C_(y) source/drain for pMOSFET.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The lattice spacing of carbon, silicon and germanium are 3.567 Å, 5.431 Å and 5.646 Å, respectively. Biaxial tensile strain exists in pseudomorphic SiC on relaxed Si, or in pseudomorphic Si on relaxed SiGe or Ge substrate. Biaxial tensile strain means a larger lattice spacing in the growth plane (surface) and a smaller lattice spacing in the growth direction (normal to the surface) in the pseudomorphic material. On the other hand, compressive biaxial strain exists in pseudomorphic SiGe on relaxed Si, in pseudomorphic SiGeC on relaxed Si, or in pseudomorphic Ge on relaxed SiGe. Compressive biaxial strain means a smaller lattice spacing in the growth plane (surface) and a larger lattice spacing in the growth direction (normal to the surface) in the pseudomorphic material. Adding a small amount of carbon (<1%) into compressively strained SiGe on relaxed Si can compensate and reduce the strain in SiGe. Strain changes the band structure of the strained material. Therefore, strain may affect the energy band offset, effective mass and density of states. Referring to the drawing, FIG. 1 shows the conduction band and valence band of compressively strained SiGe(C) on silicon by curves 2 and 3, respectively. Holes are confined in the compressively strained SiGe(C) which has high hole mobility, and this material system is suitable for pMOSFETs.

FIG. 2 shows the conduction band and valence band of tensile strained Si_(1-y)C_(y) on relaxed Si buffer layer by curves 4 and 5, respectively. In this case, electrons are confined in the tensile strained Si_(1-y)C_(y) which potentially has high electron mobility, and this material system is suitable for nMOSFETs. Furthermore, FIG. 3 shows the conduction band and valence band of tensile strained silicon on relaxed silicon germanium by curves 6 and 7, respectively. Electrons are confined in the tensile strained silicon which has high electron mobility, and this material system is suitable for nMOSFETs. With the three material systems, the channel could either be a surface channel or a buried quantum well channel. In FIGS. 1-3, the ordinate represents energy and the abscissa represents depth.

The cross sectional schematic for the first embodiment of a SiGe based lateral pMOSFET 78 is shown in FIG. 4. The device has the following structural characteristics:

-   -   1) The drain is n⁺-type tensile strained silicon 82;     -   2) The body is p-type relaxed SiGe 81, and the doping level is         adjusted to achieve desirable the threshold voltage;     -   3) The source is n⁺-type tensile strained silicon 83;     -   4) The channel is tensile strained Si 84, and there is no         hetero-barrier along the current flow direction shown by arrow         93. The channel forms a heterojunction with the body 81 at the         interface 805 which functions to provide a band offset as shown         in FIG. 3 to confine electrons in the Si channel 84. The channel         is typically autodoped by the layer below. Thus the channel         region over the body 81 is autodoped p-type, while the channel         region over the source 83 and drain 82 are doped n-type. There         are other ways to provide the desired doping in the channel         layer and source/drain.     -   5) A strained Si/SiGe heterojunction is formed between the         source and the body at the interface 800, and preferably,         aligned with the source/body metallurgical p/n junction. The         heterojunction functions to block electrons from entering body         81, hence can reduce the off-state current by orders of         magnitude.         -   Furthermore, the higher the strain in the heterojunction,             the higher the energy barrier becomes and in which case the             leakage current from source to body then to drain can even             be further reduced when the device is turned off.     -   6) A strained Si/SiGe heterojunction is formed between the drain         and the body at the interface 810, and preferably, aligned with         the drain/body metallurgical p/n junction;     -   7) The gate is a conducting layer 86 overlapping the entire         strained silicon channel 84 and part of the source 83 and drain         82 with an insulator 85 in between;     -   8) The source, gate and drain electrodes 90, 91, 92 are coupled         to the source 83, gate 86, and drain 82, respectively;     -   9) The device isolation is provided by an insulator layer 89;     -   10) Buffer layer 94 provides a relaxed SiGe lattice template for         layer 81. Layer 80 may be bulk silicon, SOI substrate, bulk Ge,         Ge-on-insulator, SiGe-on-insulator or silicon-on-sapphire.     -   11) Insulator layer 87 protects the gate stack 85 and 86.     -   12) Insulator layer 88 may be combined with layer 89 as one.

Besides using a relaxed SiGe as the virtual substrate to generate a tensile strained Si layer, tensile strained SiC on silicon can also be used for pMOSFET. The cross sectional schematic for the second embodiment of such a silicon-based lateral nMOSFET 112 is shown in FIG. 5. The device has the following structural characteristics:

-   -   1) The drain is n⁺-type tensile strained SiC 32;     -   2) The body is p-type silicon 31, and the doping level is         adjusted to achieve the desirable threshold voltage;     -   3) The source is n⁺-type tensile strained SiC 33;     -   4) The channel is silicon or tensile strained SiC 34, and there         is no hetero-barrier along the current flow direction;     -   5) A strained SiC/Si heterojunction is formed between the source         and the body at the interface 820, and is preferably, aligned         with the source/body metallurgical p/n junction;     -   6) A strained SiC/Si heterojunction is formed between the drain         and the body at the interface 830, and is preferably, aligned         with the drain/body metallurgical p/n junction;     -   7) The gate is a conducting layer 36 overlapping the entire         channel 34 and part of the source 33 and drain 32 with an         insulator 35 in between;     -   8) The source, gate and drain electrodes 40, 41 and 42 are         coupled to the source 33, gate 36, and drain 32, respectively;     -   9) The device isolation is an insulator layer 39.     -   10) Layer 30 may be bulk silicon or a SOI substrate.     -   11) Insulator layer 37 protects the gate stack 35 and 36.     -   12) Insulator layer 38 may be combined with layer 39 as one.

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a lateral CMOS inverter 282, which is a combination of a lateral symmetric nMOSFET 112 and a lateral symmetric pMOSFET 280. The device isolation is provided by insulator regions 39 and 50. The nMOSFET 112 has a tensile strained SiC source/drain 32, 33 and a silicon or strained SiC channel 34; whereas the pMOSFET 280 has a compressively strained SiGeC source/drain 132, 133 and a silicon or strained SiGeC channel 134. The gate insulator 35 and 135 can be oxide, oxynitride, other high-permittivity dielectrics, or a combination thereof. The gate electrode 36, 136 can be the same kind of metal with a mid-gap work function, or a n-type poly silicon or poly SiGe for nMOSFET and p-type poly silicon or poly SiGe for pMOSFET, respectively.

FIG. 7 shows a second embodiment for a lateral CMOS inverter 382, which is the same as FIG. 6 except for the nMOSFET 312. In this case, the nMOSFET 312 utilizes a tensile strained silicon source/drain 532, 533 and a tensile strained silicon channel 534. The gate insulator 35 and 135 can be oxide, oxynitride, other high-permittivity dielectrics, or a combination thereof. The gate electrode 36, 136 can be the same kind of metal with a mid-gap work function, or a n-type poly silicon or poly SiGe for pMOS and p-type poly silicon or poly SiGe for pMOS, respectively.

According to the preferred embodiment, this invention further comprises the scheme for process integration for a lateral heterojunction nMISFET:

-   -   a) Define a active region and form a well within on silicon,         relaxed SiGe bulk, SOI, SGOI or GOI substrate;     -   b) Further define and form a gate region with a stack of         dielectrics as a mask preferrably for selective processing;     -   c) Etch openings to form the recessed source and drain, which         are self-aligned to said gate stack;     -   d) Preferably, do a selective epitaxial growth to form the         tensile or compressively strained source/drain regions with or         without in-situ doping;     -   e) Removal of said gate stack and planazation if necessary;     -   f) Epitaxial growth of the channel layer, plus the cap layer if         desired for a buried channel device in an uniform manner over         the well region and the source/drain regions;     -   g) Growth or deposition of a gate insulator layer, which may be         an oxide, oxinitride, other high-permittivity dielectrics,         singly or a combination thereof;     -   h) Growth or deposition of a gate electrode layer; which may be         poly silicon, poly SiGe or metal;     -   i) Gate patterning and formation;     -   j) Ion implanting and annealing if the source, drain are pot         in-situ doped;     -   k) Deposition of field oxide;     -   l) Opening for contacts;     -   m) Source/drain and gate silicidation;     -   n) Metallization and metal sintering.

While there has been described and illustrated a lateral semiconductor device containing a high mobility channel and a heterojunction which preferably coincides with the junction of source and/or drain, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations are possible without deviating from the broad scope of the invention which shall be limited solely by the scope of the claims appended hereto. 

1. A method of preparing an inverter made of lateral channel field effect transistors comprising the steps of (FIG. 6): forming a first transistor comprising the steps of: forming a silicon layer 31 on a first single crystalline substrate 30, doping said silicon layer 31 p-type, forming strained Si_(1-y)C_(y) epitaxial region 32 and 33 over said p-type silicon layer 31, doping the above strained Si_(1-y)C_(y) layer 32, 33 n-type to a concentration level greater than 1E19 cm⁻³, forming a thin silicon layer 34 over the above n-type strained Si_(1-y)C_(y) epitaxial layer 32, 33, and p-type silicon 31, forming a dielectric layer 50 serving as device isolation, forming a thin dielectric layer 35 over the above silicon layer 34, forming a conducting layer 36 over the above dielectric layer 35, forming a gate stack 888 comprising both the above dielectric layer 35 and the conducting layer 36 which overlaps the silicon layer 31 and the part of the strained Si_(1-y)C_(y) 32, 33, forming a blanket dielectric layer 37 over and above the gate stack 888, forming a dielectric layer 38 on the sidewall of the gate stack 888, forming a second transistor comprising the steps of: forming a silicon layer 131 on a first single crystalline substrate 30, doping said silicon layer 131-n-type, forming compressively strained Si_(1-x)Ge_(x) epitaxial region 132 and 133 in said p-type silicon layer 31, doping the above strained Si_(1-x)Ge_(x) layer 132 and 133 p-type to a concentration level greater than 1E19 cm⁻³, forming a thin silicon or a compressively strained Si_(1-w)Ge_(w) layer 134 over the above p-type strained Si_(1-x)Ge_(x) epitaxial layer 132, 133 and n-type silicon 131, forming a thin dielectric layer 135 over the above layer 134, and forming a conducting layer 136 over the above dielectric layer 135, forming a gate stack comprising both the above dielectric layer 135 and the conducting layer 136, which overlaps the silicon layer 131 part of region 132,
 133. 2. The method according to claim 1 further comprising the steps of: forming a blanket dielectric layer 137 over and above the gate stack 666, forming a dielectric layer 138 on the sidewall of the gate stack 666′, forming a blanket dielectric layer 39 over the entire structure, forming a conducting layer 40 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 in contact to the silicon layer 34 in the region on top of the n-type 33, forming a conducting layer 42 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 in contact to the silicon layer 34 in the region on top of the n-type 32, forming a conducting layer 41 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 and 37 in contact to the conducting layer 36 at the top of the gate stack 888, forming a conducting layer 142 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 in contact to layer 134 in the region on top of the n-type layer 133, forming a conducting layer 140 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 in contact to layer 134 in the region on top of the n-type layer 132, forming a conducting layer 141 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 and 137 in contact to the conducting layer 136 at the top of the gate stack 666, and forming dielectric region 50 on layer 30 or 30′ in between region 31 and 131 to serve as device isolation.
 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein substrate 30 can be bulk silicon, or SOI.
 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the steps of forming said second transistor and performed before said steps of forming said first transistor.
 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein prior to forming silicon layer 34, performing chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein layer 134 is grown after the step of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
 7. A method of preparing an inverter made of lateral channel field effect transistors comprising the steps of (FIG. 7): forming a first transistor comprising the steps of: forming a relaxed SiGe layer 531 on a first single crystalline substrate 30, doping said SiGe layer 531 p-type, forming a strained silicon epitaxial region 532 and 533 over a p-type SiGe layer 531, doping the above strained silicon layer 532, 533 n-type to a concentration level greater than 1E19 cm⁻³, forming a thin strained silicon layer 534 over the above n-type strained silicon epitaxial layer 532, 533, and p-type SiGe 531, forming a dielectric layer 50 served as device isolation, forming a thin dielectric layer 35 over the above silicon layer 534, forming a conducting layer 36 over the above dielectric layer 35, forming a gate stack 888 comprising both the above dielectric layer 35 and the conducting layer 36, which overlaps SiGe 531 and the part of the strained silicon region 532, 533, forming a blanket dielectric layer 37 over and above the gate stack 888, forming a dielectric layer 38 on the sidewall of the gate stack 888′, forming a second transistor comprising the steps of: forming a silicon layer 131 on a first single crystalline substrate 30, doping said silicon layer 131 n-type, forming a compressively strained Si_(1-x)Ge_(x) epitaxial region 132 and 133 over said p-type silicon layer 131, doping the above strained Si_(1-x)Ge_(x) layer 132 and 133 p-type to a concentration level greater than 1E19 cm⁻³, forming a thin silicon or a compressively strained Si_(1-w)Ge_(w) layer 134 over the above p-type strained Si_(1-x)Ge_(x) epitaxial layer 132, 133 and n-type silicon 131, forming a thin dielectric layer 135 over the above layer 134, and forming a conducting layer 136 over the above dielectric layer 135, forming a gate stack comprising both the above dielectric layer 135 and the conducting layer 136, which overlaps the silicon layer 131 and part of region 132,
 133. 8. A method according to claim 7 further comprising the steps of: forming a blanket dielectric layer 137 over and above the gate stack 666, forming a dielectric layer 138 on the sidewall of the gate stack 666′, forming a blanket dielectric layer 39 over the entire structure, forming a conducting layer 40 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 in contact to the silicon layer 534 in the region on top of the n-type 533, forming a conducting layer 42 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 in contact to the silicon layer 534 in the region on top of the n-type 532, forming a conducting layer 41 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 and 37 in contact to the conducting layer 36 at the top of the gate stack 888, forming a conducting layer 142 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 in contact to layer 134 in the region on top of the n-type layer 133, forming a conducting layer 140 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 in contact to layer 134 in the region on top of the n-type layer 132, forming a conducting layer 141 through the above blanket dielectric layer 39 and 137 in contact to the conducting layer 136 at the top of the gate stack 666, and forming dielectric region 50 on layer 30 in between region 531 and 131 to serve as device isolation.
 9. The method according to claim 7 wherein substrate 30 can be bulk silicon, relaxed SiGe, bulk Ge or SOI, or SGOI or GOI.
 10. The method according to claim 7 wherein the steps of forming said second transistor and performed before said steps of forming said first transistor.
 11. The method according to claim 7 wherein prior to forming silicon layer 534, performing chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
 12. The method according to claim 7 wherein layer 134 is grown after the step of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). 